fig1

Figure 1. Pathogenesis of diabetic heart disease. Chronic hyperglycemia, diabetes, and insulin resistance are contributing factors that lead to complex processes, ultimately resulting in diabetic heart disease. These factors impact lipid homeostasis, increase the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and trigger the formation of oxidative stress. The consequences of these processes include modified vascular remodeling, cardiomyocyte death, and myocardial fibrosis, ultimately leading to diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiovascular disease, and atherosclerosis. AGEs: advanced glycation endproducts; ALDH2: aldehyde dehydrogenase 2; FFA: free fatty acid(s); NLRP3: NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3; PKC: protein kinase C; RAGE: receptor for advanced glycation end products; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1; TG: triglyceride(s); VSM: vascular smooth muscle. This figure was redrawn in a modified form from^[10].